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2.4.1.Three kinds of roots There are three kinds of rice roots. They are seminal root or radicle, mesocotylar roots, and crown roots or adventitious roots in the roots system of rice plant. The seminal root is only one in case of rice. It functions in nutrient absorption in early stages after seed gemination. But its function is usually maintained up to around the 7-leaf stage. Therefore the se..

2.2.2. Structure of a seed Rice seed mainly consists of brown rice( ), botanically fruit, with hull which is hard cover to protect the seed. Rice hull is composed substantially of lemma( ) and palea( ). The lemma is larger than the palea. Two- third of total surface of a rice grain is covered by the lemma. Both lemma and palea are boat-shaped and have pointed ends. The tip of lemma sometimes gr..

2.2.1. Seed types Rice seeds vary in size, shape, color, and awn length depending on species and subspecies. Indica rice seeds possess long to short, slender, somewhat flat grains that are mostly awnless. Javanica rice seeds are long, broad and thick,either with long awns(bulu type) or awnless(gundil type). Japonica rice seeds are short roundish with awnless to long awned. African rice seeds ar..

Rice Cultivation Technology in Bau-Bau, Indonesia 1.1. Rice, life itself Rice is vital to almost half of the world's populations. It is the most important food crop for hundreds of millions of Asians, Africans, and Latin Americans living in the tropics and the temperate zone. Rice employs tens of millions in jobs they cannot without, and has an enormous impact on our environment. The importance..

1.4. Cultivated rices Asian rice(Oryza sativa L.) and African rice(Oryza glaberrima Steud.) are two cultivated species. Asian rices are grown worldwide but African rices are limited only to parts of West Africa. Asian rices have three eco-geographic races : Indica, Javanica, and Japonica. Indica is the major type in the tropics and subtropics. It is characterized by light green leaves, profuse ..

4.3. Harrowing Harrowing indicates the process of breaking the soil clods after plowing using secondary tillage equipment like a comb-toothed harrow. It is better to drain off excess water before harrowing to leave just enough water for showing the high and low spots of the field. The working man should move mud from high spots to low for levelling. Repeated lenthwise and crosswise harrowing wi..

2.1. Morphology of cultivated rice The cultivated rice plant is an annual grass. Rice is a semiaquatic plant. It can adapt to a wide range of ecological diversity, from rainfed-dryland to deep-water flooded conditions. The stems consist of round, hollow internodes connected by nodes. The leaf blades are rather flat and attached to the culm by leaf sheaths. At maturity, the rice plant has main s..

4.2. Plowing Rice field preparation involves one or two plowings, two to three harrowings, and one levelling. the purposes of field preparation are to prepare a suitable field, to eliminate competition from weed growth, and to improve the physical condition of the soil. Plowing indicates the initial process of cutting the soil using primary tillage equipment such as a moldboar..

4.1. Repairing levees Levees are constructed to impound irrigation water in rice fields. The levees should be repaired to reduce seepage from time to time. It is important to clean the levees to be repaired properly. The weeds growing on top and both sides of the levee should be cut using scythe, knife, or shovel. The working man should cut the weeds close to the ground. When rat holes and big ..

1.3. Rice growing area Rice crop is produced on 153.7 million hectares in the world. The rice occupies an extraordinarily high portion of the total planted area in South, Southeast, and East Asia. World leading rice- growing countries are India with 44.6 milliom hectares , the People’s Republic of China with 30.5, and Indonesia with 11.5 in 2000. These three countries account for 56.3% of wor..