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11.3. Drying The approximate moisture content of the grains at harvest time is 20-25%. For proper storage, the moisture content of the grains should be reduced to about 14%. Sun-drying is the most common post harvest practice in tropical Asia. Dryers of various forms have been developed. The dryers are widely used in East Asia. 전통가옥 그리기

11.2 Threshing Threshing refers to the process of separating the grains from the panicle. Threshing can be performed manually or mechanically. The manual methods of threshing are treading by feet, flail threshing, beating stalks against tubs. Threshers with a 5-7 horsepower engine are commonly used in tropical Asia and combines are used for harvesting and threshing in East Asia. 기계 탈곡은..

11.1. Harvesting Harvesting of crop refers to the process of collecting crops from the field. When 80-85 % of the grains of the upper portion of the panicle are yellow or straw colored, and the grains at the base are at the hard dough stage, it is time to harvest. Commonly rice plants are harvested with sickle in tropical Asia. 기술지도 5 벼베기 참조

10.4.3. Snails Golden snails destroy newly emerged rice seedlings. Snails and egg clusters can be removed by hand picking. The damages of snails can be reduced by transplanting older seedlings. Alternate flooding and draining greatly reduces mobility and feeding activity of snails. Snails are controlled by insecticides for rice stem borer control. 기술지도4 우렁이 참조

10.4.2. Rodents Rats cause serious damage at all growth stages. They eat seeds and destroy plants and burrow holes in levees, thereby causing water loss. Cleaning the land surrounding the field is effective cultural control. Acute poisons and slow-acting poisons are used to kill rats. In nursery period, constructing fence with plastic film surrounding seedbed can prevent rats attack. 기술지..

10.4.1. Birds Most birds feed from milky stage onward in any rice culture. The attack of birds causes partially or totally unfilled grains. Birds cause more damage to a shattering variety and cause less damage to a variety with awns. Various sound-making devices and scarecrows can reduce bird damages. In nursery period, covering seedbed with non-woven fabric can prevent bird damages. 모판 하..

10.3.4. Chemical control There are many kinds of pesticides for control of insects and diseases. A pesticide is not usually applied in pure form. It must be diluted with water or oil. The final product is called a pesticide formulation. The types of formulations are granules, liquids, soluble powders, etc. Each pesticide should be applied at the prescribed rate and time.

10.3.3. Biological control All insects are affected by natural controls. Their reproduction and population buildup can be limited by natural enemies such as predators and parasites. The biological control agents alone will not always prevent damaging buildups of insects. Farmers should use insecticides only when there are not enough natural enemies and there are enough pests to damage rice crop...

10.3.2. Resistant varieties Varieties differ in reactions to different insect pests and diseases. There are rice varieties which are resistant to insect pests and diseases. Pests control can be successful by using the resistant rice varieties. The resistant varieties require less pesticide than susceptible varieties do.

10.3.1. Cultural control Cultural practices are divided into those that individual farmers could carry out and those which require community action. Relatively low rates of nitrogen fertilizer can decrease the incidence of diseases. Farmer must coordinate with other farmers in terms of crop schedules and control measures to successfully control pests.